Wednesday, December 18, 2024

Wednesday in the Garden

White Egg Turnips, Chinese Cabbage, and 
Chayote

It was a foggy, misty, cool morning with about half of the regular VegHeadz on hand. We did some weeding, harvesting, and neatening up the beds because we won’t be seeing them again for several weeks. Christmas and New Year’s are on Wednesday and everybody’s busy with holiday festivities.  The nice thing about winter gardens is they do a pretty good job of taking care of themselves.  We’ll be seeing you again next year.  









A Christmas goody from Peggy—
Roselle Jam


Peggy and her friend Jane
picked this eggplant from a huge 
plant still doing nicely in December.


Peter is potting up Rudbeckias
which have volunteered in
pathways and outside the garden
perimeter.  They’ll be on sale
at the garden Open House in May.

These delicious Grinch cookies were a
treat today.  They were made by Jeanne’s
granddaughter June, age 9, who has
been a regular visitor to the garden.  

These Shamrocks popped up in  
the forest garden.  They are edible 
and also harvest nitrogen for use
by surrounding plants.  
4
Dave’s bed is looking good.  The
peas are supplying nitrogen for the 
adjoining brassicas.  

Crimson Clover in the forest
garden, planted as a nitrogen
producing cover crop,
winding its way among the trees
and shrubs that live there.  

The grape arbor is wearing a 
golden shawl


Louie planted these lovely 
greens in the Herb Garden—
Mizuna and Endive.


This White Stem Pak Choi
is grown from seeds from
the library.  It’s always hard
to determine when to harvest
less familiar plants. 


Cabbage beginning to head up.


Collards. We’ve had very little 
pest damage despite a warm fall.  


Kale

A radish ready to pull.


Tuesday, December 17, 2024

Testing for pH

 

pH reading in Dave’s 
Potting mix with biochar
Why are we so hung up on pH?  To find out why, read “pH—What is it and Why is it Important” under Gardening Resources in the left sidebar.  It is one of the main keys to healthy flourishing plants.  

A question arises – should all pH testing be done at certified labs or is testing with on-site testing devices sufficient.

The sources we have consulted indicate that most commercial on-site probe-type testing devices are quite accurate, particularly if calibrated with a calibrating solution which has a known pH level. Many of the relatively inexpensive testing devices measure additional elements such as soil temperature, moisture level, etc.

A laboratory soil test should still be done every two or three years to compare to on-site tests, and to gain information about nutrients in the soil.  

Preparation for a lab test involves taking soil from multiple locations in the garden or a designated area of the garden to give a general overview or average reading for the tested environment.  The handheld testing instrument tests only in the specific location where the probe is inserted and in order to get a more generalized reading, you would have to test multiple sites with the results being averaged or accumulated in some way to give a general reading. 

VegHead Dave Skinner is one of our gardeners who routinely uses an on-site soil testing device with his greenhouse and potted plants and in his garden. Dave reports he has a good pH meter which measures the soil temperature and adjusts the reading accordingly. When we pulled the samples for lab testing from the VegHeadz beds this fall, Dave also tested them with his pH meter. His readings were considerably lower than the results we got back from the lab. Since then, he has recalibrated his meter to 7.0 using a buffering agent. He got very little change when recalibrating, so we believe his readings to be accurate.

He regularly tests the soil in his container plants and in his garden bed at home. Since he started adding biochar to his container mix, he has also tested and did not see any appreciable change in the pH at biochar concentrations of about 10-20%.
pH reading in Dave’s compost
with biochar added


He just recently tested again in both the completed potting soil with biochar and his compost bin with biochar and furnished photos of the results. The pH in the potting soil reads at 6.8 and in the unfinished compost, it reads 6.5. You can see the chunks of biochar in the compost photo because it has not yet been screened. The potting mix above has smaller biochar chunks that have passed through his quarter-inch screen. In both cases the biochar has been in the mixes for about a month and has had enough time to cause any pH change that might occur.

As a result, Dave has some doubts about the accuracy of the lab test results we are getting back for the VegHeads samples, which have consistently tested higher. We had tests done at a second lab to check the level of copper in the soil, but unfortunately, the alternative testing did not report back on the pH level so we could compare. 

It is possible that other biochar products which use a different source material might have a different effect on pH.

It will be interesting to see how this plays out in the VegHeadz garden as we begin to use biochar. Dave and the rest of us will be following the results closely. We will be posting updates as we learn more about how to use biochar and its effect on our plants.

Monday, December 16, 2024

Learning About Biochar

We’ve been given a gift at the VegHeadz garden, and we don’t quite know what to do with it. This year Leon County became the first county in the nation to convert yard debris into biochar, a carbon-negative material, in an effort to reduce carbon emissions. See our previous post and references with more information about what it is, why it is beneficial, and how it is produced. 

We have a big bag of the biochar and we need to learn how to use it. It is confusing since most gardeners are just becoming aware of this soil amendment and there is much conflicting and complicated information available from gardening sites, producers, and research reports. Research about use in small gardens is still sparse, with little consensus, standards, or repeatability across the biochar spectrum.
 
Most sources agree that the addition of untreated biochar to the soil may temporarily immobilize nutrients, potentially leading to a short-term reduction in plant growth. Avoiding this result would require several months up to a year of fallow time after application of untreated biochar to allow the soil and its organisms to stabilize before planting.  

After poring through a lot of online information about biochar, it seems that all the discussion about how it is made and what it is made of isn’t as important to a gardener as how it is treated prior to applying to the soil. The purpose of treating the biochar, called activating, or inoculating, or charging, is to fill the nutrient storage capacity of the biochar and pre-load it with microorganisms so it will cause the least disruption in the growing medium, and will immediately begin doing it’s work in your soil and providing nutrients to your plants. 

There are a number of approaches for the home gardener to charge or activate biochar.

Charging with Compost—This seems to be the easiest method if you have compost available, although it takes longer. It involves adding biochar in any amount up to a 1:1 ratio to existing compost and allowing it to “marinate” for four to six weeks. Some sources recommend soaking the biochar in water before mixing it with the compost to help nutrients move through the material easier. It’s also important to keep the compost/biochar mix quite wet during the charging period. This should allow time for microorganisms and nutrients to inhabit the many pores in the biochar particles, and for these processes to become stable. This can be scheduled so that it is ready when it is time to apply compost before planting, reducing or eliminating any fallow time.

The same thing can be accomplished over a longer period by adding biochar to your nitrogen and carbon materials when you are feeding your compost bin. In this way, the nutrients and microorganisms that are created in the composting process will inhabit the biochar at the same time.

According to the University of Arizona Extension, “Biochar lacks nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous so mixing it with compost or manure is a helpful option. Biochar has the ability to absorb these nutrients and keep them in the soil longer and is better than using compost alone. Mixing up to 1 part compost with 1 part biochar is effective at increasing the time nutrients stay in the soil, but most gardeners start with ratios closer to 10 parts of compost to 1 part biochar to be sure that plants tolerate it well. Before adding this mixture to soils, or using it in a potting mix, it should be aged for several weeks under moist conditions to allow for the exchange of nutrients between the two materials. This will also help microorganisms, worms, etc., found in compost to adjust to the biochar. This step also helps beneficial fungi that grow on plant roots to develop quickly once the biochar-compost mix is applied to soil.”

Charging with liquid— This is a method which produces quicker results and biochar that can be applied sooner than the compost charging method. This method follows a common pattern—add nutrients, add liquid and let it sit. Some proponents of this method claim that aeration of the liquid mixture is essential for the flourishing of the microorganisms we want in the biochar. This makes it similar to the method for creating bio-brew from compost or animal manure with biochar added to the mix. Look for Bio-brew under Garden Resources in the left sidebar for details on this method. A drawback is the inability to do this in larger amounts without multiple batches, and it requires an aeration device such as a fish tank pump.

If aeration is not used, the biochar can be activated by mixing in some source of nutrients, and letting it sit for approximately three days before adding it to your soil. The liquid is usually water, and the source of nutrients can be organic or conventional fertilizer, compost, manure, worm castings, etc.  

The llquid method will also furnish microorganisms to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the nutrient-supplying material used, but the short soaking period may not allow the microorganisms to develop to the same extent as the compost method, and access to oxygen is necessary for microorganisms to proliferate.  Also, using this method to activate biochar in any substantial volume would be cumbersome for a home garden.

Our goal at the VegHeadz garden is to run our own informal trial by planting some of the same plants in soil that does not include biochar, in soil with biochar added without charging, in soil amended with biochar charged with compost, and in soil amended with biochar charged with the liquid method. We plan to do the compost charge in one bay of our four-bay compost bins to have it ready to apply in preparation for our spring planting season. Any differences in pests and diseases, and plant health and growth, will be noted.

 Several gardeners have also taken small amounts home to try in their own gardens. MG Dave Skinner has a green house and tropical plants to protect. He soaked the biochar overnight with commercial liquid fertilizer, combined it with his potting mix, and applied it to his greenhouse plants. He reports that so far they look healthy with no adverse effects. He also added biochar to his compost bin to charge there and will use it on his spring garden.

We have several concerns or questions.

According to some sources, biochar tends to increase soil pH, and our soil test results reflect we are already operating at the high end of the desirable pH range.  Other sources indicate that while biochar can indeed raise pH if it is extremely LOW such as 5.0 or below, if the pH is close to neutral or alkaline it does not further raise the pH. This would tend to support the claim by some sources that biochar regulates pH. We had our soils tested this fall so we have a benchmark with which to compare biochar amended soils. This is highly recommended when adding amendments to your soil. We have had some variable results when sending samples to different labs and one of our gardeners who uses a probe-type pH meter at home has additional input. More about this in a future post. 

Second, in general, biochar seems to be more beneficial for sandy or poor, nutrient-depleted or acidic soils than healthy ones. Our soils are already healthy, and definitely not acidic, so our main purpose in using biochar would be to utilize its water and nutrient retention and microbe boosting capabilities, and its ability to sequester carbon and some soil-borne pathogens over long periods of time—to do our bit for the environment.

A third consideration is whether biochar can help remediate the copper concentration in our garden soil. Biochar is reported to be effective in sequestering copper contamination in soil. Our recent soil test indicated that our soil contains much more copper than recommended. It has been determined that it is probably from the use of animal manures in the garden mixes that we have applied, which is further concentrated by composting plant material from our garden that has been grown in the high cooper soil. Copper is included in the feed for most domestic animals because of its antimicrobial qualities as well as for nutrition. The buildup of this element in our soil has affected seed germination and plant growth to some extent and could get worse as copper levels continue to rise. For this reason, we will not be using manure to provide nutrients in our liquid activation of biochar.

Finally, it is important to proceed carefully when adding any amendment to your soil, and particularly with biochar because once it’s there, it cannot be removed and it will not degrade naturally in our lifetime.

USDA site: https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/hubs/northwest/topic/biochar, lots of info and a wider view of potential uses and benefits of biochar 

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10821463/  A more complete analysis by the National Institutes of Health

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004896971732942X  The ability of certain biochar to sequester copper contamination in soil.  

Several sources with information about liquid activation of biochar.  

Friday, December 13, 2024

Heavy Hitters in Pest Control — Brachonid Wasps and Syrphid Flies

Tomato Hornworm parasitized by Braconid wasp cocoons

 Both Braconid wasps and Syrphid flies are almost too small to see. Unless we really pay attention, we won’t notice them in our garden. Despite their minuscule size, they are an important part of integrated pest control (IPM).

Braconid Wasps

Braconid wasp parasitising Caribbean 
fruit fly larvae in a guava, 
Photo byJeffery Lotz, 
Division of Plant Industry, IFAS
Braconids can be recognized as the slender dark wasps commonly found hovering around aphid colonies or caterpillars. Virtually all tiny wasps found lingering in the vicinity of pests, regardless of family, are garden allies.

For instance, Braconid wasps, such as Cotesia congregata, are members of the Braconidae family, which has about 17,000 species known and many thousands more as yet unidentified.  The Cotesia wasps lay up to 200 eggs a day under the skin of tomato and tobacco hornworms, the pests that munch on our tomatoes.  When braconid larvae emerge (2-3 days later), they begin feeding within the hornworm, essentially eating it alive. The growing larvae will emerge in about 12-16 days and spin the white cocoons seen in the picture above where they will pupate for 3-8 days. Cocoons often fall off the host into the soil, where an adult wasp will hatch.  

Other brachonid species parasitize cabbage worms and other soft-bodied pests, such as army worms, loopers, aphids, whitefly, mealybugs and scales, stink bugs and leaf miners.  They also parasitize many other insect groups, especially moths and butterfly larvae, beetles, flies, ants, bees, and other wasps. 

Braconid wasps are attracted to the nectar and pollen of flowers, especially those with small florets. Some plants that attract them include most herbs such as dill, fennel, and parsley; also marigolds, daisies, sweet alyssum, carrot family plants and buckwheat.  Read about the results of a field experiment to attract predator insects conducted near Live Oak.  https://projects.sare.org/project-reports/os13-079/

Braconid wasps are also attracted to the smell of caterpillars munching plant leaves. You can attract Braconid wasps by allowing caterpillars to feed until the tips of the braconid cocoons open. You will see a little black dot at the end of the cocoon when they have opened. 


https://pacifichorticulture.org/articles/braconid-wasps/

Syrphid Flies

Adult female Syrphid Fly,  
Photo credit, Roy Frye
One of the many colorful and common little flies in Florida is Allograpta obliqua, known as a hoverfly, flower fly, or syrphid fly. No matter what they are called, these flies are important predators.  There are over 6,000 species of hoverflies worldwide.  

Adults look like bees, but they have only one pair of wings. You can usually find them hovering in one spot, as they are expert fliers and can hover or fly backward, abilities possessed by few other insects. Adults often visit flowers for nectar. They may also be seen around aphid colonies where the female syrphid fly feeds on honeydew secreted by the aphids.  Syrphid fly eggs are laid singly on the surface of a leaf or twig that bears aphids. When larval populations are high, syrphid flies may kill 70% to 100% of an aphid population.

While syrphids concentrate mostly on aphids, they also parasitize other soft body insects.  Adult syrphid flies are also considered to be important in the cross-pollination of some plants.  Most species mimic bees and wasps, so they are often mistaken for stinging insects, but they are not harmful to humans.  

These two tiny predators are just the tip of the iceberg. There are many, many other parasitoid insects.  We just need to omit pesticides and provide conditions to attract them, such as flowering plants, a water source, and leaf litter or twigs where they can overwinter.  


Sunday, December 8, 2024

Forest Garden Vines—Bitter Melon and Chayote

 

Bitter Melon 
(Momordica charantia)
A visitor thought he found a strange creature in our garden a week or so ago.

Master Gardner Yen Chen several years ago planted some bitter melon seeds for plants to climb the arbor leading into our forest garden. It has thrived and reseeded each year to cover at least half of the arbor. Like so many unfamiliar things, we have admired it and wondered how to use it, but haven’t really figured that out yet.  The leaves are attractive, it doesn’t get carried away with its growth and take over, and the fruits are fascinating. 

There are quite a few different varieties of bitter melon, which is in the cucurbitacae family along with cucumbers, squash, and gourds. The variety we are growing is about four or five inches long, green, and warty, and is probably an Indian variety. There are also Chinese varieties which are longer, smoother, and sometimes more bitter.  It is one of the most popular vegetables to grow in China and a number of other Asian countries.  

Asian cuisines include bitter melon in stir fries, soups, and salads.  It is often salted briefly, like eggplant or cucumber, or blanched to reduce its bitterness. It is widely reported to have significant health benefits, and is an important part of the diet on Okinawa where many people live beyond 100 years.  Bitter melon is credited with contributing to their longevity.

When the fruit matures, it turns golden yellow to orange and opens up, revealing bright red globules, called arils, which contain the seeds.  Actually, it looks carnivorous, and we keep expecting it to say “Feed me!“

The red flesh around the seeds is sweet and juicy.   The seed inside each moist globule should not be eaten.   

The seeds don’t germinate until the ground is quite warm, the vines grow throughout the summer and bear fruit midsummer through fall, until cold or freezing temperatures kill it back.  

It has been growing in an area of our garden which has no irrigation and it has not been fertilized. We have noticed no pests or diseases on the healthy vines.

More information:  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1271

Chayote or Mirliton
(Sechium edule)


Another vine which dependably returns each year is the Chayote, also a cucurbit. It is a sub-tropical perennial which returns from the roots, getting a late start and concealing its abundant fruit under the leaves. We often don’t recognize that we have a bumper crop until the leaves start to die back in the fall, revealing fruits that had been hidden from us.  It needs so little care that we forget about looking for fruit. 

It too is growing in our forest garden without irrigation and without fertilization, although we do mulch and grow cover crops in the area to add organic matter to the soil.  The spent vines and leaves are piled around the base of the plant to add more organic matter and insulate the roots over the winter.  

We haven’t noticed any of the diseases and pests which usually plague cucurbits in our area.  It is a large plant and the fruits are heavy, so you will need a substantial arbor to support it.

Most of the plant can be eaten, including the tubers, and it is also reported to have many health benefits. It is a popular vegetable in areas where it grows, and is produced commercially in Costa Rica and other tropical areas. You don’t often see it in grocery stores, so it is relatively unknown in other parts of the country.  In Louisiana it is used as a seasonal vegetable referred to as mirliton, and is often seen on Thanksgiving tables.

The sturdy Chayote fruit can be used much like squash, cucumbers, or potatoes.  It’s firmer than summer squash and is similarly mild in flavor.  If left on your counter for several weeks, it may sprout from the blossom end and begin to occupy your kitchen. It can be planted in the soil with the sprouting end exposed but the sprout should have contact with the soil in order to develop roots.  It should be protected from freezing temperatures. We haven’t tried overwintering one in a pot to be planted in the soil when weather warms. Perhaps we’ll do that this year.

More info here and here.  


Friday, November 15, 2024

Wednesday in the garden

Joanne
First of all, Welcome! to our new and newish gardeners, Heather, Whitney, and Lisa!   We’re delighted when we see new faces in the garden.  Each person adds their own special spice to the mix, each additional gardener improves the flavor—and a great stew it is. 

Cathy’s report on our recent workday gives us a taste—Hello, VegHeadz. We had a great group of more than a dozen motivated gardeners turn out yesterday morning. Everyone enjoyed the cooler and cloudy weather as they weeded, trimmed, planted, and mulched.

Glenn and Dave weeded some paths and then mulched without cardboard. We’ll see if the cardboard makes any difference in the re-emergence of sedge and other weeds. Peggy and Lisa trimmed some of the banana tails and the Peggy Martin roses. We have several bunches of bananas growing – it’s a race against the first frost to see if we can harvest any.

Janis, Mary, and other folks weeded and planted in the eastern food forest, and that’s looking great. Peter was tending the hügelkultur bed and rain garden, and Laurie was moving volunteer wildflowers into established beds. Emma picked enough okra for a meal (at last!). Cathi and Evelyn were doing more planting, as were Linda and Whitney and I. Carole was planting and weeding in the G beds. Jean's garlic is looking great. My apologies to anyone I left out!

Eggplant and arugula were harvested. There were lots of Very Hungry Caterpillars munching away on all kinds of greens. Thanks to Mark for stocking up on Bt, which folks used in several beds. In spite of insects, our emerging fall crops are looking great. While some wildflowers are fading, the Mexican Sunflowers are blooming in profusion – adding a colorful touch to our fall garden.

One sad reminder that garden thievery is alive and well: all the ripe satsumas were picked. Some greener ones remain.

Thanks to everyone who worked, chatted and learned together today! So much was accomplished. Hope to see you next week!

Laurie—Our pollinator
plant mama

Oxeye sunflowers
Heliopsis helianthoides

Goldenrod and Tithonia—
Mexican Sunflowers

Monarch butterfly on Tithonia
Photo by Carole Hayes


Native Scarlet Sage
Salvia coccinea

Carole

Cathy and Lisa

Mary, Heather, and Emma


Evelyn, Jessica, Jeanne and
Peter


Dave


Whitney, watering in a new planting
of Crimson Clover
cover crop in the forest garden


Thai Ginger
Alpinia galangal


Safari Sunrise Aloe


Linda and the last eggplants of 
summer—in November!






Thursday, October 31, 2024

What about Pelleted Seeds?

Pelleted Crimson Clover
seeds
When shopping for Crimson Clover seeds earlier this fall, we 
bought some pelleted seeds at a local garden store because it was all they had. We had seen pelleted seeds before, but didn’t know much about them.  Always a good excuse to do some research.

Pelleted seeds are coated with an inert, organic material such as Bentonite, diatomaceous earth or talc. Pelleted seeds were initially used by large scale growers because their uniform shape and size works better in mechanical seeders. However, home gardeners are discovering the advantages of pelleted seeds and they can be found in gardening centers and online seed suppliers.

Bentonite clay is a volcanic material which swells and absorbs moisture. The coating may also include Perlite or an FDA approved coloring agent. Pelleted seeds don’t usually come with a list of ingredients. For instance, our clover seed, which is a legume, may well have been coated with inert material plus rhizobium bacteria to help the plants set nitrogen.

Seed coating methods also act as efficient carriers of chemicals, which can be applied on the seed surface. The chemicals involved are mostly fungicides and insecticides.  Several reports describe testing seeds coated with allelopathic chemicals to delay seed germination until weather conditions are optimal for growth or to control time of harvest.  In studies, the delay in germination had no negative effects on seedling growth or germination percentage.

Advantages of using pelleted seeds:

Larger seeds are easier to see and handle
Less wasted seed
Seeds don’t wash or blow away
Allows for correct spacing
Better germination
More vigorous seedlings
Eliminates thinning!
Clay coating preserves moisture and improves water uptake
Better protection from environmental stresses, pests and diseases
Work better with seeding tools
Great for kids!

The main disadvantage is a shorter shelf life.  Pelleted seeds should be used within one year of purchase.  The coating process shortens seed life, and the clay coating is affected by humidity and can break down over time, reducing germination.  Pelleted seeds are more expensive and limited in variety.  You may not be able to find the seeds you want in pellet form, and treated coatings may not be organic. After planting, pelleted seeds need to be kept uniformly moist, but not waterlogged, to allow the coating to dissolve so germination can take place.

If you have difficulty seeing or handling small seeds, or if you hate thinning things like lettuce, carrots, or radishes, perhaps pelleted seeds are right for you.

IFAS info on pelleted seeds:  https://propg.ifas.ufl.edu/04-seeds/02-technology/05-seedstesting-pelleted.html 


Thursday, October 24, 2024

Wednesday in the Garden

Zinnias, trimmed up and 
rejuvenated.  

This week’s report from Garden Coordinator, Cathy Alfano:

Today in our garden was just awesome. Everyone pitched in and weeded the west side paths and beds, and it looks amazing! When I left, most all of the west side had been cleared of weeds and folks were putting down cardboard and mulch. 

The beds are also looking beautiful. Lots of winter crops coming up and the flower beds have been reinvigorated and are blooming. Folks also watered and planted in their beds. Carole gathered millet seeds and Peggy was harvesting roselle. Cathi dug some beautiful sweet potatoes and shared them with the group. It was a great day.

Photos from the last couple of weeks.  

Cathi, Evelyn and Linda
dug over half a bucket
of sweet potatoes 


Dave’s bed with snap peas,
ginger, and collards.  
Ready to climb!

Glen’s lettuce always looks great.  
 This season’s varieties (back to front):  
Silesia,  Brown Dutch, Oak Leaf,
Reinenes Glaces. 
All heirloom varieties 



 Marigold cover crop to deter
nematodes.  



Peppers still producing as the
weather cools. 

Jeanne’s Garlic is sprouting in the “B” beds. 
It will be ready to harvest late
next  spring. Varieties:  Vietnamese garlic,
elephant garlic, German hardy garlic






Friday, October 18, 2024

Lesser Known Grains

Pearl Millet
We don’t usually grow grains at home for consumption. They are used in our gardens as cover crops or as cash crops by farmers. 

Whole grains are well known to be important elements in a healthy diet.  They contain fiber as well as many vitamins and minerals. Our dietary grains are usually obtained from wheat, oats, corn, and rice.  A recent article in the New York Times called attention to some lesser known grains that are exceptionally nutritious.  They can all be easily grown in our area and are high in fiber and protein, as well as supplying ample amounts of vitamins and minerals.  Some are grains, which are the seeds of grasses, and the others are pseudo-grains, which are grain-like seeds from plants other than grasses.

All of the plants listed here are spring crops. Cereal grains such as wheat, oats, and rye should be planted in the fall to over winter and mature in the spring.

Buckwheat
Buckwheat—The VegHeadz have long sung the praises of buckwheat as a cover crop, and as an attractor of beneficial insects.  It is very easy to grow, but we have most often chopped it down before the seeds mature. It would be worth letting it finish ripening to harvest the seeds for use as a cereal grain or grinding into buckwheat flour.  Kasha is dry roasted buckwheat which is soaked and simmered to provide porridge, pilaf, or grain bowls. Buckwheat flour is used to make crêpe-like pancakes called blini or cookies and crackers. It is high in a chemical called rutin, which is said to promote heart health because it makes blood vessels strong and flexible.

Amaranth
Amaranth—The protein in amaranth can be easily absorbed by our bodies and can be used as a substitute for other proteins.  Aztec and Inca civilizations used it as a staple. The amaranth we have grown as an experiment has had no problems with pests and diseases and produced an abundant crop of the tiny, crunchy seeds.  Amaranth is often grown as an ornamental because of the interesting flowers and seed heads, and the various colors available.  It produces nutritious cooked greens in the summer and the seeds can be used as a substitute for rice in most recipes.

Millet—We have grown pearl millet in the VegHeadz garden on several occasions and currently have a small amount of a beautiful ruby-colored variety.  This is another protein and fiber rich grain, which also provides iron, magnesium and potassium. It has a light, fluffy texture when cooked and a nutty flavor.  Millet cooks faster than brown rice and can be used as a base in grain bowls, vegetable fritters or whole meal salads.   

Pearl Millet
‘Purple Majesty’

Sorghum—The larger kernels of sorghum can be popped like popcorn or made into a creamy breakfast porridge similar to oatmeal. Sorghum flour can be used in gluten-free recipes and has a neutral flavor.  A variety called Sorghum bicolor is grown for the sweet juice from its canes which is made into molasses.  We have grown a cover crop which is a cross of sorghum and Sudan grass.  It is a large plant which grows rapidly and provides a huge amount of biomass for the garden.

Teff—The only one of the grains mentioned which we have not grown in the VegHeadz garden is teff. It is certainly worth trying because it is the most nutrient dense.   One cup of teff supplies about 10 g of protein and 7 g of fiber plus calcium and iron.  It is also high in resistant starch, which helps control blood sugar.  Its tiny seeds are gluten free.  Teff flour is used in Ethiopia to make a sour dough flatbread which is a staple there. Teff varies from white to red to brown with white being the most mild in flavor, deepening to a cocoa-like flavor in the darker colors. Teff needs warm weather to grow, and is tolerant of many soil conditions.  It should be our next growing adventure.  Maybe we can even try winnowing.

Threshing and winnowing grain is not something we usually experience as home gardeners. Things that need to be determined are the maturity of the seed heads, the moisture level of the seeds, and the humidity in the atmosphere. Manual harvesting methods for different grains can vary widely, and are usually quite labor-intensive. Once harvested the seed needs to be separated from the chaff (threshing), usually by beating with a stick.  Chaff consists of the empty seed heads and straw or other material from the plant. Winnowing involves pouring the grain from one container to another in front of a fan to allow the chaff to blow away from the heavier seeds.

Grains and seeds can be ground into flour with a high-speed blender, a coffee grinder, or an inexpensive grain mill.  There is even a grain mill attachment for KitchenAid stand mixers.

All of these grains and seeds can also be used as birdseed.  The grain heads can be left on the plants or cut and laid out for the birds to do their own harvesting, or they can be winnowed and stored like human food.

More about growing and harvesting grains here